CONGRESS AND THE PRESIDENCY:

Spring 2003 Requirements and Readings

 The major goal of this course is to provide an understanding of the relationship between Congress and the presidency. To reach that goal we must first acquire an understanding of each institution, including the different constituencies served, varying organizational structures, and the often overlapping responsibilities with which each institution is charged. Particularly with Congress, an understanding of the historical roots of present organizational structures is essential. To a large extent Congress is an on-going body that remains unchanged from election to election. The presidency, on the other hand, undergoes fundamental change with each new administration (with the large exception of the executive bureaucracy), and each administration undergoes its own developmental process. Thus, the goals, values and character of each chief executive add considerable variation to the office of the president.

 Given these different contexts, the course will focus on the roots of present operating procedures. We will pay considerable attention to the committee system, the electoral connection, and the legislative process. At the end of the course you should have an extensive knowledge of basic operating procedures in Congress, legislative terms, and the precise means by which a bill becomes a law. You should understand the different institutional responsibilities attached to Congress and the presidency and the basic ways in which the presidency has developed and been organized. The history of particular administrations, the personality of recent presidents, the powers of the president, executive leadership and policy making will be the major foci of our study of the presidency. Finally, throughout the course we will concentrate on the relationship between Congress and the president.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS

 A. READINGS: The dates on the syllabus are the due dates for the readings listed under each section. It will require roughly three hours to complete each reading assignment. All readings are required and MUST be read BEFORE the date on the syllabus. This point cannot be over-emphasized. Classroom discussion is an extremely important part of this course. Therefore it is essential that you keep up with the reading requirements. This is not a course from which you will benefit if you are in the habit of putting off reading until forced to read by exam deadlines.

 The following books have been ordered for sale at the Huntley Book Store and are required reading. Most of the books are also on reserve at Honnold.

1. Davidson, D. and Oleszek, J., Congress and Its Members, 8th ed.
2. Dodd, L.C. & Oppenheimer, B.I., Congress Reconsidered, 7th ed.
3. Pika, J.A., Maltese, J.A. & Thomas, N.C., The Politics of the Presidency, 5th ed.
4. Nelson, M., The Presidency and the Political System, 6th ed.
5. Thurber, J.A., ed., Rivals for Power: Presidential-Congressional Relations, 2nd ed.

 B. PARTICIPATION: All students are required to participate in the congressional simulation during the week of April 7th. The simulation will require substantial time commitments, particularly during the evening from 6:30-10:00 of that week. There will be no Monday or Wednesday class meeting during the simulation week. If you have evening commitments, then you should either not take this course, or you must make arrangements to be relieved of those commitments during the simulation. FAILURE TO PARTICIPATE WILL RESULT IN AUTOMATIC FAILURE IN THE COURSE.

 The simulation is a fun, but intense, experience. It will take place between April 7 and April 11. Three classes will be participating in the simulation: ours, a class from CMC, and a class from Pomona. Some of you will play the roles of journalists and lobbyists, but most of you will assume various roles in the Bush administration. Journalists will report on the simulation and should have web skills and will also prepare the "Meet the Press" session which will be videotaped and played at the simulation opening. The lobbyists will represent different sides of issues covered this year: a military bill, an economic stimulus bill and an energy bill. There may be lobbyists from other classes also. The job of the lobbyist will be to persuade the Senate to pass legislation favorable to their cause. All roles will be assigned during the third week of class and require extensive research on the particular Executive officer, lobbyist, or journalist you will play. This year's role assignments can be found here. The Simulation Rules can be found here. The schedule can be found here. All three classes will also meet the evening of January 29 to listen to President Bush's State of the Union Address and to begin "smoozing" in preparation for the simulation.

 In addition, all students will be responsible for two five minute presentations, one covering "This Week in Congress" and one covering "This Week at the White House". Each Wednesday, the first twenty minutes of class will be devoted to current events on Capitol Hill and in the Oval Office. You will up-date on-going stories in the news and keep the class informed of important pending legislation and events. There are five main purposes to this exercise: 1) To familiarize yourself with useful sources on Congress and the president, e.g., CQ's Weekly Report, The National Journal, The Christian Science Monitor, The New York Times, The Washington Post and various online sources including those linked on this syllabus; 2) To keep yourself and the class up-to-date on current issues; 3) to provide an opportunity to sharpen your organizational and oral skills; 4) to provide a forum for discussion of topical issues; and 5) to promote classroom cooperation. The students reporting on Congress and the students reporting on the White House will have to consult with each other to insure a coherent ten minutes and to avoid redundancy. I strongly encourage you to subscribe to The New York Times. I will pass out information on discount subscriptions during the first week of class.

 C. EXAMS: There will be two graded exams. The first exam will be given March 3 in class and will constitute ten percent of your final grade. It will cover lectures and reading material up to and including the March 3 readings. The second exam will be given May 5 and will constitute ten percent of your final grade. The second exam will cover lectures and reading material from March 6 through May 5 and will also constitute ten percent of your final grade. The focus of the exams will be on basic facts and concepts. There will be short answer questions in which you will demonstrate basic familiarity with terms, concepts, operating procedures and the like. Roughly half the first exam will require using a list of terms to describe how a bill becomes a law. Roughly half the second exam will require using a list of terms to describe how budgets are passed.

 D. PAPERS: There are three required papers. The first paper is due February 24 and will constitute 15 percent of your final grade. It should be a five to seven page paper focusing on the role you will play in the simulation. If your role is an executive role, the paper should include a history of the office, a discussion of what role the office plays in the executive branch, a brief political biography focusing on the current occupant and the occupant's issue positions, and a comparison with previous office holders. If you are playing a journalist or lobbyist you will become "expert" in the area that lobbyist or journalist covers and the paper will also assess the literatures on lobbying or journalism and the public policy process. Most the paper will be a "policy analysis" of issues, but perhaps a quarter of the paper will focus on the individual journalist or lobbyist. The second paper is due March 26 and will also constitute 15 percent of your final grade. It should be a five to seven page paper on any topic covered in the course (except the topic of presidential or congressional elections), but you must clear your topic with me well before the paper is due. The third paper is due on May 7, and should be ten to twelve pages in length. The third paper will focus on the relationship between Congress and the president during a post-war administration of your choice (i.e., from Truman through the current administration). While the paper is not due until the end of the semester, you should begin working on it tomorrow. Decide which administration you will analyze and begin reading background material now. If you wait until the last half of the course you will be too busy and will do an inadequate job. This is a paper you should be thinking about for three months, not three days. The final paper will constitute 30 percent of your final grade. For all papers, I expect proper citations of all sources. I much prefer APA style and you can find online guides to APA style, including internet citations at PsychWeb

 LATE PAPERS WILL BE DOWN GRADED ONE GRADE FOR EACH 24 HOUR PERIOD THE PAPER IS LATE (e.g., from an A- to an AB). In addition, it is quite likely that I will simply grade late papers without providing my usual commentary.

 E. PEER EVALUATIONS: There are two components to peer evaluations. Two thirds of the peer evaluation will be based on the simulation and will constitute ten percent of your final grade. By the first class after the simulation has been completed, each student will email to me (dward@pitzer.edu) an evaluation of each student's performance in the simulation. Type the name of the student being evaluated, followed by a LETTER GRADE (e.g., A, A-, AB, B+, B, etc.). The evaluators will remain anonymous. The grade given should reflect your judgment of the student's understanding of the role played by the student, the student's knowledge of the legislative process and their contribution to the group effort. Some thought and consideration should be put into the evaluation. Perfunctory evaluations provide no benefit to anyone.

 The second component of the peer evaluations is your evaluation of each of the other students' contribution to your understanding of Congress and the presidency. Did the student participate actively in class or outside class? How good were the students' oral presentations? In short, how effective was each student's participation in class in terms of adding to your knowledge of Congress and the presidency? Use the same format as in the simulation peer evaluations, i.e, email me the evaluation. Below the student's name and the assigned grade type as thorough and thoughtful an analysis as possible of the basis of your evaluation, emphasizing strengths and weaknesses and making suggestions for improvement. The second peer evaluations are due April 28 and will constitute five percent of your final grade. The combined peer evaluations will constitute fifteen percent of the final grade.

 F. SELF EVALUATIONS: On Monday, January 27, each of you will submit a statement of your personal goals for this course. This statement should be as specific and detailed as possible. Plan your method for meeting the responsibilities of this course, set weekly goals and time schedules, or whatever will help you to think about why you are taking this particular course and how it fits in with your overall learning goals. Then, on the last day of class, you will turn in a self evaluation in which you will analyze how well you met your goals, how your goals changed, and what unforeseen goals emerged. You will then assign yourself an over-all grade based on your performance in this course and that grade will constitute five percent of your final grade.

Online Resources

 G. There are a number of internet links you will find useful for preparing papers, presentations, and research on your simulation role. Over the semester more links will be added, but for now try these links:

SYLLABUS

Jan 22: Orientation

Studying the Presidency

Jan 27: Pious, R., The Presidency, pp. 1-15. (on reserve)

Nelson, M., "Evaluating the Presidency," in The Presidency & The Political System, ed. Nelson, pp. 1-22;

"The Changing Presidency" in Pika, Maltese and Thomas, The Politics of the Presidency, pp. 1-26.

The Evolution of the Presidency

Jan 29: Pious, R., The Presidency, pp. 19-80. (on reserve)

Feb  3: Pious, R., The Presidency, pp. 81-107. (On reserve);

Rockman, B.A., "The American Presidency in Comparative Perspective: Systems, Situations, and Leaders," in The Presidency & The Political System, ed. Nelson, pp. 48-73.

The Evolution and Study of Congress

Feb  5: Davidson, R. & Oleszek, W., Congress and Its Members, pp. 3-10, 13-39;

Canon, D.T. and Stewart, C., "The Evolution of the Committee System in Congress," in Dodd, L.C. and Oppenheimer, B.I., Congress Reconsidered, pp. 163-183;

Sinclair, B., "The New World of U.S. Senators," in Dodd, L.C. and Oppenheimer, B.I., Congress Reconsidered, pp. 1-18;

Dodd, L.C. and Oppenheimer, B.I., "A House Divided: The struggle for Partisan Control, 1994-2000," in Dodd, L.C. and Oppenheimer, B.I., Congress Reconsidered, pp. 21-43.

Presidential Leadership

Feb 10: Tulis, J.K., "The Two Constitutional Presidencies," in The Presidency &

The Political System, ed. Nelson, pp. 79-106;

Skowronek, S., "Presidential Leadership in Political Time," in The Presidency & The Political System, ed. Nelson, pp. 111-155.

Wayne, S., "Presidential Leadership of Congress: A Functional and Institutional History," in Thurber, J.A., Rivals for Power, pp. 49-67.

Congress: The Electoral Connection

Feb 12: Davidson, R. & Oleszek, W., Congress and Its Members, pp. 41-83, 85-121;

Erikson, R.E. and Wright, G.C., "Voters, Candidates, and Issues in Congressional Elections," in Dodd, L.C. and Oppenheimer, B.I., Congress Reconsidered, pp. 67-92;

Fiorina, M.P., "Keystone Reconsidered," in Dodd, L.C. and Oppenheimer, B.I., Congress Reconsidered, pp. 141-160.

Cohen, R.E., "The Impact of Campaigns on Presidential-Congressional Relations," in Thurber, J.A., Rivals for Power, pp. 89-103.

Electing The President

Feb 17: Quirk, P. "Presidential Competence," in The Presidency & The Political System,

ed. Nelson, pp. 158-184;

Milkis, S. N., "The Presidency and Political Parties" in The Presidency & The Political System, ed. Nelson, pp. 355-386;

"George W. Bush: Transition to Power and First 180 Days," in Pika, J.A., Maltese, J.A., & Thomas, N.C., The Politics of the Presidency, pp. 396-413.

Feb 19: Pious, R., "The Presidency and the Nominating Process," in The Presidency & The Political

System, ed. Nelson, pp. 217-237.

Aldrich, J. and Griffin, "The Presidency and the Election Campaign: Creating Voter Priorities in the 2000 Election," in The Presidency & The Political System, ed. Nelson, pp. 239-253.

"Election Politics," in Pika, J.A., Maltese, J.A., & Thomas, N.C., The Politics of the Presidency, pp. 30-69.

The President and the Public

Feb 24: "Public Politics," in Pika, J.A., Maltese, J.A., & Thomas, N.C., The Politics of the Presidency,

pp. 75-114.

Hetherington, M.J. and S. Globetti, "The Presidency and Political Trust," in The Presidency & The Political System, ed. Nelson, pp. 259-275.

Tichenor, D.J., "The Presidency and Interest Groups: Programmatic Ambitions and Contentious Elites," in The Presidency & The Political System, ed. Nelson, pp. 329-351.

Congressional Homestyle, Hillstyle, and Party "Obligations"

Feb 26: Davidson, R. & Oleszek, W., Congress and Its Members, pp. 123-156, 159-197;

Evans, C.L., "Committees, Leaders, and Message Politics," in Dodd, L.C. and Oppenheimer, B.I., Congress Reconsidered, pp. 217-239.

Congressional Committees and Procedures

Mar  3: Davidson, R. & Oleszek, W., Congress and Its Members, pp. 199-229, 231-261;

Groseclose, T. and King, D.C., "Committee Theories Reconsidered," in Dodd, L.C. and Oppenheimer, B.I., Congress Reconsidered, pp.191-214.

Congress and the Executive (1)

Mar  5: Thurber, J.A., "An Introduction to Presidential-Congressional

Rivalry," in Thurber, J.A., Rivals for Power, pp. 1-24.

Pfiffner, J.P., "The President and Congress at the Turn of the Century," in Thurber, J.A., Rivals for Power, pp. 27-44.

Davidson, R.H., "The Presidency and Congressional Leadership," in Thurber, J.A., Rivals for Power, pp. 71-86.

Evans, D.L. and W.J. Oleszek, "Hearding Cats: Presidential Coalition Building in the Senate," in Thurber, J.A., Rivals for Power, pp. 163-183.

The Office of the Presidency

Mar 10: Burke, J.P., "The Institutional Presidency," in The Presidency & The Political System,

ed. Nelson, pp. 399-421.

"Executive Politics," in Pika, J.A., Maltese, J.A., & Thomas, N.C., The Politics of the Presidency, pp. 208-242.

Moe, T.M., "The Presidency and the Bureaucracy: The Presidential Advantage," in The Presidency & The Political System, ed. Nelson, pp. 425-454.

Congressional and Presidential Decision Making

Mar 12: Davidson, R. & Oleszek, W., Congress and Its Members, pp. 263-290;

Binder, S., "Congress, the Executive, and the Production of Public Policy: United we Govern?" in Dodd, L.C. and Oppenheimer, B.I., Congress Reconsidered, pp. 293-310.

Andres, G. and P.J. Griffin, "Successful Influence: Managing Legislative Affairs in the Twenty-first Century," in Thurber, J.A., Rivals for Power, pp. 141-161.

Congress and the Executive (2)

Mar 24: Davidson, R. & Oleszek, W., Congress and Its Members, pp. 293-319;

Dickinson, M., "The President and Congress" in The Presidency & The Political System, ed. Nelson, pp. 458-478.

"Legislative Politics," in Pika, J.A., Maltese, J.A., & Thomas, N.C., The Politics of the Presidency, pp. 170-202.

Congress and Political Parties

Mar 26: Smith, S.S. and Gamm, G., "The Dynamics of Party Government in Congress,"

in Dodd, L.C. and Oppenheimer, B.I., Congress Reconsidered, pp. 245-266;

Aldrich, J.H. and Rohde, D.W., "The Logic of Condidtional Party Government: Revisiting the Electoral Connection," in Dodd, L.C. and Oppenheimer, B.I., Congress Reconsidered, pp. 269-289.

Domestic Policy Making

Mar  31: Davidson, R. & Oleszek, W., Congress and Its Members, pp. 349-369;

"The Politics of Domestic Policy," in Pika, J.A., Maltese, J.A., & Thomas, N.C., The Politics of the Presidency, pp. 284-314.

Dietz, N., "Presidential Influence on Congress: New Solutions to Old Problems," in Thurber, J.A., Rivals for Power, pp. 105-130.

The Budget Process & Organized Interests

Apr  2 Davidson, R. & Oleszek, W., Congress and Its Members, pp. 371-394;

"The Politics of Economic Policy," in Pika, J.A., Maltese, J.A., & Thomas, N.C., The Politics of the Presidency, pp. 319-352.

Panetta, L.E., "Politics of the Federal Budget Process," in Thurber, J.A., Rivals for Power, pp. 185-206.

Apr  7: Simulation: no class or readings.

Apr  9: Simulation: no class or readings.

The Executive, Congress and the Judiciary

Apr 14: Davidson, R. & Oleszek, W., Congress and Its Members, pp. 321-346;

Yalof, D.A., "The Presidency and the Judiciary," in The Presidency & The Political System, ed. Nelson, pp. 481-504;

"Judicial Politics," in Pika, J.A., Maltese, J.A., & Thomas, N.C., The Politics of the Presidency, pp. 249-277.

War and Diplomacy (1)

Apr 16: Davidson, R. & Oleszek, W., Congress and Its Members, pp. 397-418;

"The Politics of National Security Policy," in Pika, J.A., Maltese, J.A., & Thomas, N.C., The Politics of the Presidency, pp. 357-389;

Destler, I.M., "Congress and Foreign Policy at Century's End: Requiem on Cooperation?" in Dodd, L.C. and Oppenheimer, B.I., Congress Reconsidered, pp. 315-330.

The Psychological Presidency

Apr 21: Nelson, M., "The Psychological Presidency," in The Presidency & The Political System,

ed. Nelson, pp. 190-211;

Presidential Character and Performance," in Pika, J.A., Maltese, J.A., & Thomas, N.C., The Politics of the Presidency, pp. 123-162.

War and Diplomacy (2)

Apr 23: Hamilton, L.H., "The Making of U.S. Foreign Policy: The Roles of

the President and Congress over Four Decades," in Thurber, J.A., Rivals for Power, pp. 207-227.

Fisher, L. "Clinton's Military Actions: No Rivals in Sight," in Thurber, J.A., Rivals for Power, pp. 229-250.

The President and the Public II

Apr 28: Miroff, B., "The Presidency and the Public: Leadership as Spectacle,"

in The Presidency & The Political System, ed. Nelson, pp. 278-302;

Jacobs, L.R., "The President and the Press: The Paradox of the White House Communications War," in The Presidency & The Political System, ed. Nelson, pp. 305-325.

Judgment and Reform

April 30: Bowles, N., "Comparing the Core Executive in Britain, France, and the United States,"

in The Presidency & The Political System, ed. Nelson, pp. 29-46.

Thurber, J.A., "Conclusions about Congressional-Presidential Rivalries, in Thurber, J.A., Rivals for Power, pp. 255-268.

May  5: Cooper, J., "The Twentieth-Century Congress," in Dodd, L.C. and Oppenheimer, B.I.,

Congress Reconsidered, pp. 335-363;

Dodd, L.C. "Re-Envisioning Congress: Theoretical Perspectives on Congressional Change," in Dodd, L.C. and Oppenheimer, B.I., Congress Reconsidered, pp. 389-412.

May  7: Davidson, R. & Oleszek, W., Congress and Its Members, pp. 421-433;

Quirk, P. & Nesmith, B., "Divided Government and Policy Making: Negotiating the Laws," in The Presidency & The Political System, ed. Nelson, pp. 507-526.