ELECTORAL SYSTEM TOPIC OUTLINE

Section A

Section B

Section C

Section D

Section E

Bibliography

Critical Elections and Party Systems

Burnham, W.D. (1967), "Party Systems and the Political Process,"
in Chambers and Burnham.
Chambers, W.N. and Burnham, W.D. (1967), The American Party Systems,
Oxford University Press.
Kleppner, P., Burnham, W., Formisano, R.. Hays, S. Jensen, R., and Shade, W. (1981).
The Evolution of American Electoral Systems, Greenwood.
Hays, S.P. (1981), "Politics and Society: Beyond the Political Party,"
in Kleppner, F., et al., The Evolution of American Electoral Systems, Greenwood.
Hofstadter, R. (1969), The Idea of the Party System. University of California
Press.
Sundquist, J.L. (1983), Dynamics of the Party System, Revised Edition,
Brookings Institute.

The First Party System

Formisano, R.P. (1981), "Federalists and Republicans: Parties Yes--System
No," in Kleppner, P., et al. The Evolution of American Electoral Systems, Greenwood.
Goodman, P. (1967), "The First American Party System," in Chambers
and Burnham.

The Second Party System

Alexander, Thomas (1967). Sectional Stess and Party Strength: A Study of Roll-Call Voting
Patterns in the United States House of Representatives, 1836-1860. Nashville.
Benson, Lee (1961). The Copncept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case.
(Prinbceton.
Donovan, Herbert D. A. The Barnburners: A Study of the Internal Movements in the Political
History of New York State and of the Resulting Changes in Political Affiliation, 1830-1852. New York, 1925.
Foner, Eric Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before
the Civil War. (New York, 1970).
Formisano, Ronald P. (1971). The Birth of Mass Political Parties: Michigan, 1827-1861.
Princeton.
--- (1983). The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s-1840s.
New York.
Holt, Michael (1969). Forging a Majority: The Formation of the Republican Party in
Pittsburgh, 1848-1860. New Haven: Yale University Press.
--- "The Antimasonic and Know Nothing Parties," in History of U.S. Political Parties,
ed. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. (4 vols., New York, 1973), vol I, 575-620.
Jaenicke, D.W. (1986), "The Jacksonian Integration of Parties into the
Constitutional System," Political Science Quarterly, 101:65-107.
McCormick, Richard (1966). The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the
Jacksonian Era. Chapel Hill, NC.
McCormick, R.P. (1967), "Political Development and the Party System,"
in Chambers and Burnham.
Pessen, Edward (1969). Jacksonian America: Society, Personality and Politics.
Homewood, Il.
--- Most Uncommon Jacksonians: The Radical Leaders of the Early Labor Movement.
New York, 1967.
Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur (1945). The Age of Jackson. Boston.
Shade, W.G. (1981), "Political Pluralism and Party Development: The Creation
of a Modern Party System. 1815-1852," in Kleppner, P., et al., The Evolution of American Electoral Systems, Greenwood.
Silbey, Joel (1967). The Shrine of Party: Congressional Voting Behavior, 1841-1852.
Pittsburgh.
Vaughn, William Preston (1983) The Antimasonic Party in the United States, 1826-1843.
University Press of Kentucky.
Wire, Richard Arden (1978). "John M. Clayton and Whig Politics during the Second
Jackson Administration," Delaware History, v. 18, n. 1, pp. 1-16.

The Third Party System

Baker, P. (1984), "The Culture of Politics in the Late Nineteenth Century:
Community and Political Behavior in Rural New York," Journal of Social History, 18:167-94.
Berman, D.R. (1987), "Electoral Support for Populism in the Mountain States:
Some Evidence from Arizona," Social Science Journal, 24:43-52.
Hays, S.P. (1967), "Political Parties and the Community-Society Continuum,"
in Chambers and Burnham.
Kleppner, P. (1981), "Partisanship and Ethnoreligious Conflict; The Third
Electoral System, 1853-1892, The Evolution of American Electoral Systems, Greenwood.
Peskin, A. (1984-85), "Who Were the Stalwarts? Who Were Their Rivals?,
Republican Factions in the Gilded Age," Political Science Quarterly, 99:703-16.
Sundquist, J.L. (1983), Dynamics of the Party System, Revised Edition, Brookings
Institute.

The Fourth Party System

Burnham, W.D. (1981), "The System of 1896: An Analysis," in Kleppner, P. et al.,
The Evolution of American Electoral Systems, Greenwood.
Kleppner, P. (1987), Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics, 1893-1928,
Greenwood.
Sundquist, J.L. (1983), Dynamics of the Party System, Revised Edition,
Brookings Institute.

The Fifth Party System

Abramowitz, A. I., Saunders, K. L. (1998), "Ideological Realignment in the U.S.
Electorate," Journal of Politics, 60:3:634.
Andersen, K. (1979), The Creation of a Democratic Majority 1928-1938, University of
Chicago Press.
Brady, D. W. and Hurley, F.D (1985), "The Prospects of Contemporary Partisan
Realignment," Political Science, 18:63-8.
Brown, C. (1988), "Mass Dynamics of U.S. Presidential Competitions, 1928-1936,"
American Political Science Review, 82:1153-81.
Buchanan, S. E. (2002), "The Realignment of 1964? Politics and Policy,
30:1:140-158.
Campbell, J. E. (1985), "Sources of the New Deal Realignment: The Contributions of
Conversion and Mobilization to Partisan Change," Western Political Quarterly, 38:357-76; Discussion: 39:729-35.
Campbell, B.A. (1980), "Realignment, Party Decomposition, and Issue Voting,"
in Campbell and Trilling (1980).
Erikson, R. and Tedin, K.L. (1981), "The 1926-1936 Partisan Realignment: The Case
for the Conversion Hypothesis," American Political Science Review, 75: 951-62.
Hurley, P. (1989), "Partisan Representation and the Failure of Realignment in the
1980s," American Journal of Political Science, 33:240-261.
Jensen, R. (1961), "The Last Party System: Decay Consensus, 1932-1980," in
Kleppner, P., et al., The Evolution of American Electoral Systems, Greenwood.
McMichael L. G., and Trilling, R.J., "The Structure and Meaning of Critical
Realignment: The Case of Pennsylvania, 1928-1932," in Campbell and Trilling (1980).
Shively, W. P. (1971-2), "A Reinterpretation of the New Deal Realignment,"
Public Opinion Quarterly, 35: 621-24.
Stanley, H.W. (1988), "Southern Partisan Changes; Dealignment, Realignment, or
Both?," Journal of Politics, 50:64-88.
Sundquist, J.L. (1983), Dynamics of the Party System, Revised Edition,
Brookings Institute.
Weatherford, M. S. (2002), "After the Critical Election: Presidential Leadership,
Competition and the Consolidation of the New Deal Realignment British Journal of Political Science, 32:2:221-257.

Critical Elections and Realignment Theory

Bartels, Larry (2000). "Partisanship and Voting Behavior, 1952-1996,"
American Journal of Political Science. v44, n. 1. (January): pp. 35-50.
Beck, P.A. (1974), "A Socialization Theory of Partisan Realignment," in Niemi, Ed.,
The Politics of Future Citizens, Jossey-Boss.
--- (1992). "Party Realignment in America: The View from the States." Party
Realignment and State Politics. M. Moaklye, ed., Columbus: Ohio University Press, pp. 259-278.
--- (1999). "The Changing American Party Coalitions." in Green and Shea, eds., The State
of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties. 3rd ed. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 28-49.
Brady, D.W. (1985), "A Reevaluation of Realignments in American Politics: Evidence from
the House of Representatives," American Political Science Review, 79:28-49.
--- (1988). Critical Elections and Congressional Policy Making.
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Burnham, W.D., (1965). "The Changing Shape of the American Political Universe."
American Political Science Review. v.59, n.1 (March), pp. 7-28.
--- (1970). Critical Elections and the Mainspring of American Politics,
W.W. Norton.
--- (1991). "Critical Realignment: Dead or Alive?" in The End of Realignment?
Ed. Byron Shafer. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, pp. 101-139.
--- (1996). "Realignment Lives: The 1994 Earthquake and Its Implications." in The Clinton
Presidency: First Appraisals. Eds., Colin Campbell and Bert Rockman. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, pp. 363-395.
Campbell, B.A. (1980), "Realignment, Party Decomposition, and Issue Voting," in
Campbell and Trilling (1980).
Campbell, B.A., and Trilling, R.J. (1980), Realignment in American Politics:
Toward a Theory, University of Texas Press.
Carmines, E., McIver, J., and Stimson, J. (1987), "Unrealized Partisanship: A Theory of
Realignment." Journal of Politics, 49:376-400.
Chubb, John E. and Paul E. Peterson (1985). "Realignment and Inastitutionalization." in
The New Directions in American Politics. Eds. John Chubb and Paul Peterson. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, pp. 1-30.
Claggett, et al. (1984), "Nationalization of the American Electorate,"
American Political Science Review, 79:77-91, Discussion 79: pp. 1170-3.
Clubb, Jerome M., William H. Flanigan, and Nancy H. Zingale (19800. Partisan Realignment:
Voters, Parties and Government in American History. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Dunham, P. (2001), "Realignment and Party Revival: Understanding American Electoral
Politics at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century," American Political Science Review, 95:3736-737.
Geer, G. (1991), "Critical Realignments and the Public Opinion Polls,"
Journal of Politics, 53:434-53.
Ginsberg, B. (1972) "Critical Elections and the Substance of Party Conflict: 1844-1966,"
Midwest Journal of Political Science, 16: pp. 603-625.
Ginsberg, Benjamin and Martin Shefter (1985). "A Critical Realignment? The
New Politics, the Reconstituted Right, and the Election of 1984." The Election of 1984. Ed., Michael Nelson. Washington , D.C.: CQ Press, pp. 1-25.
Green, John and Daniel Shea, eds. (1999). The State of the Parties: The Changing Role
of Contemporary American Parties. 3rd ed. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
Hurley, Patricia A. (1989). "Partisan Representation and the Failure of Realignment
in the 1980's." American Journal of Political Science. v.33, n.1 (February): pp. 240-261.
Jahnige, T.P. (1971), "Critical Elections and Social Change," Polity,
3:465-500.
Kanato, S. (1987), "Nationalization and Partisan Realignment in Congressional Elections,"
American Political Science Review, 81:1235-50.
Key, V.O. (1955), "A Theory of Critical Elections," Journal of Politics,
17:3-18.
Key. V.O. (1959), "Secular Realignment and the Party," Journal of Politics,
17:3-18.
Kleppner, P. (1991), "Critical Realignments and the Electoral Systems," in Kleppner, P.,
et al., The Evolution of American Electoral Systems, Greenwood.
Ladd, E.C. (1981). "The Brittle Mandate: Electoral Dealignment and the 1980 Presidential Election."
Political Science Quarterly. v 96, n. 1 (Spring), pp. 1-25.
--- (1985). "On Mandates, Realignments and the 1984 Presidential Election,"
Political Quarterly, 100:1-25.
--- (1989). "The 1988 Election: Continuation of the Post-New Deal System,"
Political Science Quarterly, 104:1-18.
--- (1990). "Like Waiting for Godot: The Uselessness of Realignment for Understanding Change
in Contemporary American Politics." Polity. v. 22. n. 3 (Spring), pp. 511-525.
--- (1995). "The 1994 Congressional Elections: The Postindustrial Realignment Continues."
Political Science Quarterly. v. 110, n. 1 (Spring): pp. 1-23.
Lawrence and Fleisher (1987), "Puzzles and Confusions: Political Realignment in the
80's," Political Science Quarterly, 102:79-92.
Lawrence, David G. (1996). The Collapse of the Democratic Presidential Majority:
Realignment, Dealignment, and Electoral Change from Franklin Roosevelt to Bill Clinton. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Macdonald, S.E. and Rabinowitz (1987), "The Dynamics of Structural Realignment,"
American Political Science Review, 81:775-96.
Mayhew, D. R (2000), "Electoral Realignments," Annual Review of Political Science,
3:449-474.
Meffert, M. F., Norpoth, H., and Ruhil, A. V. S. (2001), "Realignment and Macropartisanship,"
American Political Science Review, 95:4:953-962.
Miller, Warren (1991). "Party Identification, Realignment, and Party Voting: Back to the Basics."
American Political Science Review. v. 895, n. 2 (June): pp. 557-568.
Nexon. D.H. (1980), "Methodological Issues in the Study of Realignment," in Campbell
A Trilling (1980).
Price, H.D. (1971), "Critical Elections and Party History: A Critical Review,"
Polity, 4:236-242.
Rabinowitz, et al. (1984), "The Structure of Presidential Elections and the Process of
Realignment 1944-80," American Journal of Political Science, 28: 611-35.
Shea, D. M. (1999), "The Passing of Realignment and the Advent of the 'Base-Less' Party
System," American Politics Quarterly, 27:1:33.
Seagull, L.M. (1980), "Secular Realignment: The Concept and Its Utility," in
Campbell and Trilling (1980).
Stonecash, J., et al. (2000), "Class and Party: Secular Realignment and the Survival
of Democrats outside the South," Political Research Quarterly, 53:4:731-752.
Trilling and Campbell, "Toward a Theory of Realignment: An Introduction," in
Campbell and Trilling, pp. 3-21.

Party Structure and Role

Frendreis, J.P., J.L. Gibson, L.L. Vertz (1990), "Electoral Relevance of Local
Party Organizations," AmericanPolitical Science Review, 84:225-35.
Herrnson, P.S. (1986), "Do Parties Make a Difference? The Role of Party Organization
in Congressional Elections," Journal of Politics, 48:589-615.
Reiter, H.L. (1987), Parties and Elections in Corporate America, St.Martin's
Press.
Sabato, L.J. (1988). The Party's Just Begun: Shaping Political Parties for America's
Future, Longman. (2001), Second Edition.

Partisanship

Abramson, P. and Ostrom Jr.. C.W. (1991), "Macropartisanship: An
Empirical Assessment," American Political Science Review, 85: 181-92.
Allsop, D. and Weisberg, H. (1988), "Measuring Change in Party Identification in
an Election Campaign," American Journal of Political Science, 32:996-1017.
Beck, P.A. (1977), "Partisan Dealignment in the Post-War South,"
American Political Science Review, 71:477-496.
Borrelli, S., Lockerbie, B. and Niemi, R. (1987), "Why the Democratic- Republican
Partisanship Gap Varies from Poll to Poll," Public Opinion Quarterly, 51: 115-19.
Campbell, B.A. (1977a) "Change in the Southern Electorate," American
Journal of Political Science, 21:37- 64.
Campbell, B.A. (1977b), "Patterns of Change in the Partisan Loyalties of Native
Southerners: 1952-1972," Journal of Politics, 39:730-761.
Carmines, E.G., et al. (1991), "Unrealized Partisanship: A Theory of Dealignment,"
Journal of Politics, 49:376-400.
Cassel, C.A. (1977), "Cohort Analysis of Party Identification Among Southern Whites:
1952-1972," Public Opinion Quarterly, 41:28-33.
Converse, P. (1969), "Of Time and Partisan Stability," Comparative Political
Studies, 2:139-171.
Converse, P.E. (1976), The Dynamics of Party Support: Cohort Analyzing Party
Identification, Sage.
Converse, P.E and Pierce, R. (1987), Measuring Partisanship," Political
Methodology, 11:143-66.
Epstein, L.K. (1985), "The Changing Structure of Party Identification,"
Political Science, 13:48-52.
Franklin, G. and Jackson, J. (1983), "The Dynamics Party Identification,"
American Political Science Review, 77:957-73.
Glenn, N. (1972), "Sources of the Shift to Political Independence: Some Evidence
from a Cohort Analysis," Social Science Quarterly, 53:494-59.
Green, D. and Palmquist, B. (1990), "Of Artifacts and Partisan Instability,"
American Journal of Political Science, 34:872-902.
Hadley, C. (1985), "Dual Partisan Identification in the South," Journal of
Poltiics, 47:254-68.
Jennings, M.K. and Markus, G.B. (1984), "Partisan Orientations over the Long Haul:
Results from the Political Socialization Panel Study," American Political Science Review, 78:1000-16.
Keith, B.E. et al., (1986), "The Partisan Affinities of Independent 'Leaners',"
British Journal of Political Science, 16:155-85.
Lipsett, S.M. (1978), Emerging Coalitions In American Politics, Institute for
Contemproary Studies.
Lockerbie, B. (1989), "Changes in Party Identification: The Role of Prospective
Ecomomic Evaluations," American Political Quarterly, 17: 291-311.
MacKuen, M.B., Erikson, R.S. and Stimson, J.A. (1989), "Macropartisanship,"
American Political Science Review, 83:1125-43.
Miller, W.E. (1991), "Party Identification, Realignment and Party Voting: Back to
the Basics," American Political Science Review, 85:557-569.
Niemi, R., Katz, and Newman (1980), "Reconstructing Past Partisanship: The Failure
of the Party Identification Questions," American Journal of Political Science, 24:633-51.
Niemi, R. and Jennings, K. (1991), "Issues and Inheritance in the Formation of Party
Identification," American Journal of Political Science, 35:970-88.
Norputh, H. and Rusk, J. (1982), "Partisan Dealignment in the American Electorate:
Itemizing the Deductions Since 1964," American Political Science Review, 76:522-537.
Shiveley, W. P. (1979), "The Development of Party Identification Among Adults: Exploration
of A Functional Model," American Political Science Review, 73:1039-54.
Shively, W.P. (1980), "The Mature of Party identification: A Review of Recent
Developments," in The Electorate Reconsidered, Pierce and Sullivan, eds.
Stanley, H. and Niemi, R. (1991), "Partisanship and Group Support, 1952-1988,"
American Politics Quarterly, 19:189-210.
Wattenberg, M. (1981), "The Decline of Political Partisanship in the United States:
Negativity or Neutrality?," American Political Science Review, 75:941-950.
Weisberg, H. (1980), "A Multidimensional Conceptualization of Party Identification,"
Political Behavior, 2:33-60.

Divisive Primaries

Arbour, B. K., and M.J. McKenzie (2002). Paper, Midewest Political Science Association's
Annual Conference April 25-28, 2002.
Atkeson, L. R. (1998), "Divisive Primaries and General Election Outcomes:
Another look at presidential campaigns (1912-1996)," American Journal of Political Science, 42:256-71.
Bernstein, R. (1977), "Divisive Primaries Do Hurt: U.S. Senate Races,
1956-1972 American Political Science Review, 71:540-545.
Born, R. (1981), "The Influence of House Primary Election Divisiveness on
General Election Margins, 1962-76," Journal of Politics, 43:640-661.
Buell, Emmett H. (1986), "Divisive primaries and participation in Fall
presidential campaigns: a study of 1984 New Hampshire primary activists." American Politics Quarterly, v.14, no. 4 (Oct. 1986).
Comer, J. (1976), "Another Look at the Effects of the Divisive Primary,"
American Politics Quarterly, 4:121-129.
Hacker, A. (1965), "Does a 'Divisive Primary' Harm a Candidate's Election
Chances?" American Political Science Quarterly, 59:105-110.
Hall, William K. (1969), "The divisive primary in state legislative
elections," Thesis--University of Kansas. Microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms, 1970.
Herrnson, P. S. and Gimpel, J. G . (1995), "District conditions and
primary divisiveness in congressional elections," Political Research Quarterly, 48:117-34.
Johnson and Gibson (1974), "Divisive Primaries Revisited" American
Political Science Quarterly, 68:67-77.
Kenney, P. J. and Rice, T.W. (1984), "The Effect of Primary Divisiveness in
Gubernatorial and Senatorial Elections." Journal of Politics, 46:904-915.
Kenney. P.J. and Rice, T.W. (1987), "The Relationship between Divisive
Primaries and General Elections Outcomes," American Journal of Political Science, 31:31-44.
Kenney, P.J. (1988), "Sorting out the Effects of Primary Divisiveness,"
Western Political Quarterly, 41:765-77.
Lazarus, Jeff (2003). "A Theory of Divisive Primary Elections: Why They Don't
Impact General Election Outcomes," at the 2003 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, Illinois. April 3-April 6, 2003.
Lengle, J. (1982). "Divisive Presidential Primaries and Elections," American Politics
Quarterly, 9:261-77.
Lengle, J.I., D. Owen, and M.W. Sonner (1995). "Divisive Nominating Mechanisms
and Democratic Party Electyoral Prospects." Journal of Politics. 57(2): 370-383.
Miller, P., Jewell, M., and Sigelman, L. (1988). "Divisive Primaries and
Party Activists: Kentucky 1979-1983," Journal of Politics, 50:459-70.
O'Brien, S. (2002). "Divisive Primary effects on Presidential Election Outcomes in 1988 and 2000."
Understudy: Volume III, Issue 2. Available: http://www.wm.edu/SO/understudy/Obrien.htm
Pierson, J.E. and T.B. Smith (1975), "Primary Divisiveness and General
Election Success," Journal of Politics, 37:555-562.
Romero, David (2003). "Divisive Primaries and the House District Vote: A Pooled
Analysis," American Politics Research, V.31, N.2, March 2003, pp. 178-190.
Southwell, P. L. (1986). "The politics of disgruntlement: Nonvoting and defection
among supporters of nomination losers, 1968-1984," Political Behavior, v.8, pp. 81-95.
Stone, W.J. (1986). "The Carryover Effect in Presidential elections." American
Political Science Review. 80: 271-280.
Stone, W. J., L. R. Atkeson, R. B. Rapoport (1992), "Turning On or
Turning Off? Mobilization and Demobilization Effects of Participation in Presidential Nomination Campaigns," American Journal of Political Science, 36:665-691.
Ware, A. (1979). "'Divisive Primaries: The Important Questions," British
Journal of Political Science, 93:381-84.

Midterm Elections

Abramowitz, A. (1985), "Economic Conditions, Presidential Popularity, and Voting Behavior in
Midterm Congressional Elections," Journal of Politics, 47:31-42.
Abramowitz, A., Cover, A., and Nortpoth, H. (1986), "The President's Party in Midterm Elections:
Going from Bad to Worse," American Journal of Political Science, 30:562-76.
Alesina, A. and Rosenthal, H. (1996), "A theory of divided government," Econometrica,
64:1311-41.
Arcelus and Meltzer (1975), "The Effect of Aggregate Economic Variables on Congressional
Elections," American Political Science Review, 69:1232-1239.
Arcelus and Meltzer, (1975a), "Rejoinder," American Political Science
Review, 69:1266-1269.
Bibby, J. ( ), "Patterns in Midterm Gubernatorial and State Legislature Elections,"
Public Opinion, 6:41-46.
Bloom and Price (1975), "Voter Response to Short-Run Economic Conditions: The Asymmetric
Effect of Prosperity and Recession," American Political Science Review, 69: 1240-1204.
Brown, R. (1984), "Presidents as Midterm Campaigners," in Presidents and
Their Parties, Harmel, R. ed., Praeger.
Busch, Andrew E. (1999). Horses in Midstream: US Midterm Elections and Their
Consequences, 1894-1998. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Campbell, A. (1960), "Surge and Decline: A Study of Electoral Change,"
Public Opinion Qquarterly, 24:397-419.
Campbell, J. (1986), "Presidential Coattails and Midterm Losses in State Legislative Elections,"
American Political Science Review, 80:45-63.
Campbell, J. (1985), "Explaining Presidential Losses in Midterm Congressional Elections,"
Journal of Politics, 47: 1140-57.
Campbell, J. (1987), "The Revised Theory of Surge and Decline," American Journal of Political
Science, 31:965-79.
Campbell, J. (1997), "The Presidential Pulse and the 1994 Midterm Congressional Election,"
Journal of Politics, 59:3:830-857.
Cohen, J., Krassa, M. and Hamman, J. (1991), "The Impact of Presidential Campaigning
on Midterm U.S. Senate Elections," American Political Science Review, 35: 165-178.
Cover, A. (1985), "Surge and Decline in Congressional Elections," Western
Political Quarterly, 38:606-19.
Cover, A. (1986), "Presidential Evaluation and Voting for Congress,"
American Journal of Political Science, 30:562-576.
Erikson, R. (1988), "The Puzzle of Midterm Loss," Journal of Politics,
50: 1011-29.
Goodman and Kramer (1975), "Comment on Arcelus and Meltzer,"
American Political Science Review, 69:1255-1265.
Hinckley, B. (1967), "Interpreting House Midterm Elections," American
Political Science Review, 61:691-70.
Kernall, S. (1977), "Presidential Popularity and Negative Voting: An Alternative
Explanation of the Midterm Congressional Decline of the President's Party," American Political Science Review, 71:44-66.
Kramer, G. (1971), "Short-Term Fluctuations in U.S Voting Behavior: 1896-1964,"
American Political Science Review, 65:131-141.
Monroe, K. (1979), "Econometric Analysis of Electoral Behavior: A Critical Review,"
Political Behavior, 1:137-174.
Moore, D. W. and Saad, L. (1997), "The generic ballot in midterm congressional elections:
its accuracy and relationship to House seats," Public Opinion Quarterly, 61:603-14.
Pierson, J. (1975), "Presidential Popularity and Midterm Voting at Different Electoral Levels,"
American Journal of Political Science, 19: 683-94.
Ragsdale, Lyn (1980), "The Fiction of Congressional Elections as Presidential Events,"
American Politics Quarterly, 8:375-98.
Tufte, E. (1975), "Determinants of the Outcomes of Midterm Congressional Elections,"
American Political Science Review, 69:812-826.

Presidential Primaries and Elections

Abramowitz, A. (1988), "An Improved Model for Predicting Presidential
Election Outcomes," Political Science, 21:843-47.
Abramowitz, A. (1989), "Group Components of the Presidential Vote: 1952-84,"
Journal of Politics, 51:337- 46.
Boyd, R.W. (1969), "Presidential Elections: An Explanation of Voting Defection,"
American Political Science Review, 63:498-514.
Geer (1988), "Assessing the Representativeness of Electorates in Presidential Primaries,"
American Journal of Political Science, 32:929-45.
Brassmuck, G. ed. (1985), Before Nomination: Our Primary Problems,
AEI.
Goren, Paul (1997). "Gut-level Emotions and the Presidential Vote."
American Politics Quarterly. v. 25, n. 1 (April), pp. 203-229.
Kenney and Rice (1988), "Presidential Prenomination Preferences and Candidate Evaluations,
American Political Science Review, 82:1309-19.
Norrander, (1989), "Ideological representations of Presidential Primary Voters,"
American Journal of Political Science, 33:570-87.
Pomper, G. (1967), "Classification of Presidential Elections," Journal of
Politics, 29:535-166.
Rothenberg, L.S. and R.A. Brody, (1986), "Participation in Presidential Primaries,"
Western Political Quarterly, 41:253-714.
Shafer, (1988), "Scholarship on Presidential Selection in the U.S.,"
American Political Science Review, 82:955-68.
Wolfinger, R. and Rosenstone, S. (1981), "Presidential and Congressional Voters Compared,"
American Politics Quarterly, 9:245-255.

Congressional Elections and Incumbency

Abramowitz, A. (1975). "Name Familiarity, Reputation and the Incumbency Effect in A Congressional
Elections," Western Political Quarterly, 27:668-684.
Abramowitz, A. and Segal (1986), "Determinants of the Outcomes of U.S. Senate Elections,"
Journal of Politics, 48:433-39.
Abramowitz, A. (1988), "Explaining Senate Election Outcomes," American
Political Science Review, 82:385-403.
Alford, J. and Hibbing, J. (1981), "Increased Incumbency Advantage in the House,"
Journal of Politics, 43:1042-61.
Bauer, M. and Hibbing, J. (1989), "Which Incumbents Lose in House Elections: A Response to
Jacobson's 'The Marginals Never Vanished'," American Journal of Political Science, 33:262-71.
Born, R. (1979), "Generational Replacement and the Growth of Incumbent Re-election Margins in
the U.S. House," American Political Science Review, 73:811-17.
Burrell, B.C. (1985), "Women's and Men's Campaigns for the U.S. House of Representatives,
1972-1982," American Politics Quarterly, 13:251-272.
Cover. A. (1977), "One Good Term Deserves Another: The Advantage of Incumbency in Congressional
Elections," American Journal of Political Science, 21:523-542.
Cover A. and Mayhew, D. (19 ), "Congressional Dynamics and the Decline of Competitive
Congressional Elections," in Dodd and Oppenheimer, Congress Reconsidered, pp. 54-70.
Eubant and Gow (1983), "Pro-Incumbent Bias: 1978 and 1980," American
Journal of Political Science, 27:122- 36.
Eubant and Gow (1984), "Pro-Incumbent Bias: 1982," American Journal of
Political Science, 28:224-30.
Eubank, R. (1985), "Incumbent Effects on Individual Level Voting," Journal of Politics,
47:958-67.
Ferejohn, J. (1977), "On the Decline of Competition in Congressional Elections,"
American Political Science Review, 71:166-177.
Fiorina, M. (1977), "The Case of the Vanishing Marginals: The Bureaucracy Did It,"
American Political Science Review, 71:177-181.
Fiorina, M. (1981), "Some Problems in Studying the Effects of Resource Allocations in Congressional
Elections," American Journal of Political Science, 25: 543-67.
Garand, J. and Parent, T.W. (1991), "Representation, Swing, and Bias in U.S. Presidential
American Journal of Political Science, 35: 1011-1031.
Gross, D. and Garand, J. (1984), "The Vanishing Marginals, 1824-80," Journal of Politics,
46:224-37.
Gross. D. and Breaux, D. (1991), "Historical Trends in U.S. Senate Elections, 1912-1988,"
American Politics Quarterly, 19:284-309.
Hibbing, J. and Brandes, S. (1993), "State Population and Electoral Success and U.S. Senators,"
American Journal of Political Science, 77:808-19.
Jacobson, G. (1987), "The Marginals Never Vanished: Incumbency and Competition in Elections to the
U.S. House of Representatives," American Journal of Political Science, 31:126-141.
Johannes J.R. and McAdams. J.C. (1981), "The Congressional Incumbency Effect; is it Casework, Policy
Compatibility, or Something Else?" American Journal of Political Science, 25:512-542.
Lewis-Beck, M.S. (1994), "Forecasting U.S. House Elections," Legislative Studies Quarterly,
9:475-86.
Mann, T. and Wolfinger, R. (1990), "Candidates and Parties in Congressional Elections,"
American Political Science Review, 74:617-32.
Mayhew, D. (1973). "Congressional Elections: The Case of the Vanishing Marginals," Polity,
6:295-317.
McAdams, J.C. and J.R. Johannes (1988), "Congressmen, Perquisites and Elections,"
Journal of Politics, 50:412-39.
McConachie, M.P. (1986), "Presidential Campaigning for Congressional Candidates in Midterm
Elections, 1962-1982," Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol. 47; p. 644-A.
Moore, D.W. and Saad, L. (1997), "The Generic Ballot in Midterm Congressional Elections: Its
Accuracy and Relationship to House Seats," Public Opinion Quarterly, 61:603-614.
Oppenheimer, Stimson and Waterman (1996), "Interpreting U.S. Congressional Elections: The
Exposure Thesis," Legislative Studies Quarterly, 11:227-47.
Scheve, K.; Tomz, M. (1999), "Electoral Surprise and the Midterm Loss in U.S. Congressional
Elections," British Journal of Political Science, 29:507-521.
Uhlaner, C.J and Schlozman, K.L. (1986), "Candidate Gender and Congressional Campaign Receipts,"
Journal of Politics, 48:30-50.
Wrighton, J., Squire, P. (1997), "Uncontested Seats and Electoral Competition for the U.S.
House of Representatives Over Time," Journal of Politics, 59:2:452-468.
Yiannakis, D. (1981), "The Grateful Electorate: Casework and Congressional Elections,"
American Journal of Political Science, 25:568-580.

Electoral Origins of Divided Government

Erikson, R. (1989), "Why the Democrats Lose Presidential Elections,"
Political Science, 22:30-35.
Jacobson, G. (1990), The Electoral Origins of Divided Government:
Competition in U.S. House Elections.1946-1988, Westview Press.

Turnout

Abramson, P. and Aldrich, J.H. (1962), "The Decline of Electoral Participation in America,"
American Political Science Review, 76:502-21.
Abramson, P. and Aldrich, J.H. (1984), "Reply to Hill and Cassel," American Political Science Review,
78:792-94.
Abramson, Paul R., and William Claggett. 2001. "Recruitment and Political
Participation." Political Research Quarterly 54(4):905-16.
Ashenfelter, O. and Kelley Jr., S. (1975), "Determinants of Participation in Presidential Elections,"
Journal of Law and Economics, 18:695-733.
Boyd, R.W. (1981), "Decline of U.S. Voter Turnout: Structural Explanations,"
American Politics Quarterly, 9:133-59.
Boyd, R.W. (1989), "The Effects of Primaries and Statewide Races on Voter Turnout,"
Journal of Politics, 51:730-42.
Brody, R. (1978), "The Puzzle of Political Participation in America," in The
New American Political System.
Brody, R. and Page, B. (1973), "Indifference, Alienation and Rational Decision: The Effects of
Candidate Evaluation on Turnout and the Vote," Public Choice, 15:1-17.
Brown, C. (1987, "Voter Mobilization and Competition in a Volatile Electorate,"
American Sociological Review, 52:59-72.
Burnham, W.D. (1980), "The Appearance and Disappearance of the American Voter," in
Electoral Participation: a Comparative Analysis, ed., R. Rose, Sage.
Caldeira, G. and Patterson, S. (1982), "Contextual Influences on Participation in U.S. State
Legislative Elections," Legislative Studies Quarterly, 7:339-389.
Caldeira, G., Patterson, S. and Markko, G. (1985), "The Mobilization of Voters in Congressional
Elections," Journal of Politics, 85:490-509.
Campbell, James E. 2000. The American Campaign: U.S. Presidential Campaigns and
the National Vote. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
Cassel, C.A. (1979), "Change in Electoral Participation in the South,"
Journal of Politics, 41:907-17.
Cassel , C.A. , and Hill , D.P. (1981), "Explanations of Turnout Decline:
A Multivariate Test," American Politics Quarterly, 9:181-95.
Cassel, C. and Luskin, R. (1968), "Simple Explanations of Turnout Decline,"
American Political Science Review, 62:1221-32.
Cavanaugh, T.E. (1991), "Changes in American Voter Turnout," Political
Science Quarterly, 96:53-65.
Cohen, J. (1982), "Changes in Election Calendars and Turnout Decline: Test of Boyd's
Hypothesis," American Politics Quarterly, 10:246-254.
Conway, A. (1981), "Political Participation in Mid-term Congressional Elections: Attitudinal
Social Characteristics during the 1970’s," American Politics Quarterly, 9:221-44.
DeNardo, J. (1980), "Turnout and the Vote: The Joke’s on the
Democrats," American Political Science Review, 74:406-420.
Gerber, A.S., and D.P. Green. 2000a. "The Effect of a Nonpartisan
Get-Out-the-Vote Drive: An Experimental Study of Leafleting." Journal of Politics 62(3):846- 57.
Gerber, Allan S., and Donald P. Green. 2000b. "The Effects of Canvassing,
Telephone Calls, and Direct Mail on Voter Turnout: A Field Experiment." American Political Science Re- view 94(3):656-64.
Goldstein, Kenneth, and Travis Ridout. 2002. "The Politics of Participation:
Mobilization and Turnout over Time." Political Behavior 24:3-29.
Grafstein (1991), "An Evidential Decision Theory Turnout," American
Journal of Political Science, 30:989-1010.
Herr, J. Paul. 2002. "The Impact of Campaign Appearances in the 1996 Election."
Journal of Politics 64(3):904-13.
Hill, D.B., and Cansel. C.A. (1983), "Comment on Abramson and Aldrich,"
American Political Science Review, 77:1011-12.
Holbrook, Thomas M. and Scott D. McClurg, (2005). The Mobilization of Core Supporters:
Campaigns, Turnout, and Electoral Composition in United States Presidential Elections." American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 689-703.
Hout, P. and Dnoke, D. (1975), "Changes in Voting Turnout: 1952-72,"
Public Opinion Quarterly, 39:52-68.
Huckfeldt, Robert, and John Sprague. 1992. "Political Parties and Electoral
Mobilization: Political Structure, Social Structure, and the Party Canvass." American Political Science Review 86(1):405-23.
Jones, Jeffery M. 1998. "Does Bringing Out the Candidate Bring Out the Votes?
The effects of Nominee Campaigning in Presidential Elections." American Politics Quarterly 26(4):395-419.
Kleppner, P. (1982), WhoVoted? The Dynamics of Electoral Turnout:
1870-1980, Praeger.
McClurg, Scott D. 2004. "Indirect Mobilization: The Social Consequences of
Party Contacts in an Election Campaign." American Politics Research 32(4):403-46.
Miller, W.E. (1980), "Disinterest, Disaffection, and Participation," Political
Behavior, 2:7-32.
Norrander, B. and Smith G.W. (1985), "Types of Contest, Candidate
Strategy, and Turnout in Presidential Primaries," American Politics Quarterly, 13:28-50.
Norrander, B. (1986), "Selective Participation: Presidential Primaries
Voters as a Subset of General Election Voters," American Politics Quarterly, 14:30-53.
Norrander, B. (1989), "Ideological Representativeness of Presidential
Primary Voters," American Journal of Political Science, 33:570-87.
Patterson, S.C. and Caldeira, G. A. (1983), "Getting out the Vote:
Participation in Gubernatorial Elections," American Political Science Review, 77:675-89.
Piven, F.F. and Cloward, R. (1988), Why Americans Don't Vote,
Pantheon.
Powell, B. (1986), "American Voter Turnout in Comparative Perspective,"
American Political Science Review, 80:17-43.
Reiter, H .L. (1979), "Why is Turnout Down?," Public Opinion Quarterly,
43:297-339.
Rosenstone, Steven, and John Mark Hansen. 1993. Mobilization, Participation and
Democracy in America. New York: MacMillan.
Shaffer, S.D. (1981), "A Multivariate Explanation of Decreasing Turnout in
Presidential Election: 1960-76," American Journal of Political Science, 25:64-95.
Squire, P., Wolfinger, R. and Glass, D. (1987), "Residential Mobility and
Voter Turnout," American Political Science Review, 81:45-66.
Teixeira, R. (1988), "Will the Real Nonvoter Please Stand Up," Public
Opinion, 11:41-44.
Verba, S. and Nie, N. (1972), Participation in America, Harper and
Row.
Weisberg, H.F. and Grofman, B. (1981), "Candidate Evaluation and
Turnout," American Politics Quarterly, 9:197-217.
Wolfinger, R. and Rosenstone, S. (1980), Who Votes?, Yale University
Press.
Wolfinger, R. and Rosenstone, S. (1981), "Presidential and Congressional
Voters Compared," American Politics Quarterly, 9:245-255.

Referendums, Initiatives and Recalls

Cronin, T.E. (1989), Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiatives,
Referendums and Recalls, Harvard UP.
Schmidt, D.D. (1989), Citizen Lawmakers: The Ballot Initiative Revolution,
Temple UP.
Zimmerman, J.F (1986), Participatory Democracy: Populism Revived,
Praeger.

Campaign Finance

Allen, M. P., P. Broyles (1989), "Class Hegemony and Political Finace:
Presidential Campaign Contributions of Wealthy Capitalist Families," American Sociological Review, 54:275-87.
Adamany, D. (1972), Campaign Finance in America, Duxberry
Press.
Adamany, D. (1977), "Money, Politics and Democracy," American
Political Science Review, 71:289-304.
Alexander, H. (1982), Money in Politics, Public Affairs
Press.
Beitz, C. (1984), "Political Finance in the U.S.: A Survey of Research,"
Ethics, 95:129-48.
Berry, J.M. (1974), "Electoral Economics: Getting and Spending," Polity,
7:120-29.
Burrell, B.C. (1985), "Women's and Men's Campaigns for the U.S. House of Representatives,
1972-1982," American Politics Quarterly, 13:251-272.
Chappel Jr., H.W. (1981), "Campaigns Contributions and Voting on the Cargo Preference Bill,"
Public Choice, 36:301-12.
Chappel Jr., H.W. (1982), "Campaign Contributions and Congressional Voting: A Simultaneous
Probit-Tobit Model," Review of Economics and Statistics, 64:77-83.
Cohn, M.W., ed. (1992). Congressional Campaign Finance. Washington D.C.:
Congressional Quarterly.
Conlon, R.P. (1987), "The Declining Role of Individual Contributions in Financing Congressional
Campaigns," Journal of Law and Politics, 3:467-498.
Congressional Quarterly (1982), Dollar Politics, 3rd ed.,
CQ Press.
Corrado, A., T.E. Mann, D.R. Ortiz, T. Potter, and F.J. Sorauf, eds. (1997). Campaign
Finance Reform: A Sourcebook. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution.M
Crain, W.M. and Tollison, R.D. (1976), "Campaign Expenditures and Political Competition,"
Journal of Law and Economics, 19:177-88.
Deegan, J. (1979), "The Effects of Campaign Expenditures in Nonpartisan Elections,"
Methodology, 6:11-28.
Dawson, P. and Zinser, J. (1971), "Broadcast Expenditures and Electoral Outcomes in the 1970
Congressional Elections," Public Opinion Quarterly, 35:398-402.
Drew, E. (1983), Politics and Money: The new road to corruption,
Macmillian.
Dunn, Delmer (1972), Financing Presidential Campaigns,
Brookings.
Eismeier, T.J. and Polluck III. P.H. (1985), "An Organizational Analysis of Political Action
Committees," Political Behavior, 7:192-216.
Eismeir, T.J., and Polluck III. P.H. (1986), "Strategy and Choice in Congressional Elections:
The role of Political Action Committees," American Journal of Political Science, 30:197-213.
Frendreis, J. and Waterman, R., (1985), "PAC Contributions and Legislative Behavior,"
Social Science Quarterly, 36:401-12.
Ginsberg, B. and Green, J.C. (1986), "The Best Congress Money Can Buy: Campaign Contributions
and Congressional Behavior," in Ginsberg and Stone, eds. Do Elections Matter?, Sharp.
Glantz, S.A., Abramowitz, A.I., and Burkart, M.P. (1976), "Election Outcomes: Whose Money Matters?"
Journal of Politics, 38:1033-1038.
Gopoian, J.D. (1984), "What Makes PACs Tick? An Analysis of the Allocation Patterns of Economic
Interest Groups," American Journal of Political Science, 28:259-281.
Gopoian, J.D. (1985), "Change and Continuity in Defense PAC Behavior,"
American Politics Quarterly, 13:297-322.
Green. D. P. and Krasno, J.S. (1988), "Salvation far the Spendthrift Incumbent",
American Journal of Political Science, 32:884-907.
Green, D.P. and Krasno, J.S. (1990), "Rebuttal to Jacobson's 'New Evidence for old Arguments',"
American Journal of Political Science, 34:363-72.
Grenzke, J.M. (1989), "Shopping in the Congressional Supermarket: The Currency is Complex,"
American Journal of Political Science, 33:1-24.
Handler, E. and Mulkern, J.R. (1982), Business in Politics: Campaign Strategies of Corporate
Political Action Comittees, Lexington.
Heard, Alexander (1960), The Costs of Democracy, University of North Carolina
Press.
Herndon, J. F. (1982), "Access, Record, and Competition in Influences on Interest Group
Contributions to Congressional Campaigns," Journal of Politics, 44:996-1019.
Jacobson, G. (1976), "Practical Consequences of Campaign Finance Reform: An Incunbent
Protection Act?" Public Policy, 24:1-32.
Jacobson, G. (1978), "The Effects of Campaign Spending in Congressional Elections,"
American Political Science Review, 72:469-91.
Jacobson, G. (1979), "Public Funds for Congressional Campaigns: Who Would Benefit?," in
Political Finance, ed., H.E. Alexander, Sage.
Jacobson, G. (1980), Money and Congressional Elections, Yale University
Press.
Jacobson, G. (1985), "The Republican Advantage in Campaign Finance," in Chubb and Peterson,
eds. The New Directions in American Politics, Brookings.
Jacobson, G. (1985-6), "Party Organization and Distribution of Campaign Resources: Republicans
and Democrats in 1982," Political Science Quarterly, 100:603.
Jacobson, G. (1985), "Parties and PACs in Congressional Elections," in Dodd and Oppenheimer, eds.,
Congress Reconsidered, 3rd ed., CQ Press.
Jacobson, G. (1985), "Money and Votes Reconsidered: Congressional Elections 1972-82,"
Public Choice, 47:7-62.
Jacobson. 5. (1987), "Enough Is Too Much: Money and Competition in House Elections 1972-1984,"
Elections In America, Schlozman ed., Allen Unwin.
Jacobson, G. (1988), "The Effects of Campaign Spending in House Elections: New Evidence for Old
Arguments," American Journal of Political Science, 34:324-62.
Johnston, R.J. (1978), "Campaign Spending and Votes: A Reconsideration," Public Choice,
33:83-92.
Jones, R. and Miller, W.E. (1985), "Financing Campaigns: Macro Level Innovations, and Micro Level
Response," Western Political Quarterly, 35:137-210.
Kau, J.B. and Rubin, P. (1982), Congressmen, Constitutents, and Contributors, Martinus
Nijihoff.
Langbein, L. (1986), "Money and Access: Some Empirical Evidence," Journal of Politics,
48:1052-62.
Malbin, M.J., ed. (1984), Money and Politics in the United States, Chatham
House.
Masters M.F. and Keim, G.D. (1985), "Determinants of PAC Participation Among Large Corporations,"
Journal of Politics, 47:1158-1173.
McAdams, J.C. and Johannes, J.R. (1987), "Determinants of Spending by House Challengers: 1974-84,
American Journal of Political Science, 31:457-483.
McGaw, D. and McCleary, R. (1985), "PAC Spending, Electioneering and Lobbying: A Vector ARIMA
Time Series Analysis," Polity, 17:574-585.
Overacker, L. (1932), Money in Elections,
Macmillian.
Owens, J.E. (1986), "The impact of Campaign Contributions on Legislattive Outcomes in Congress:
Evidence from a House Committee," Political Studies, 34: 285-295.
Palda, K.S. (1975), "The Effect of Expenditure on Political Success,"
Journal of Law and Economics, 18:745-7l.
Paole, K.T. and Romer. T. (1985), "Patterns of PAC Contributions to the 1980 Campaigns
for the House of Representatives," Public Choice, 47:63-112.
Sabato, L.J. (1984), PAC Power,
Norton.
Schroedel , J.R. (1986), "Campaign Contributions and Legislative Outcomes,"
Western Political Quarterly, 39:371-89.
Sheperd, L. (1977), "Does Campaign Spending Really Matter?" Public
Opinion Quarterly, 41:196-205.
Silberman, J. (1976), "A Comment on the Economics of Campaign Funding,"
Public Choice, 25:69-73.
Silberman, J. and Duden, G. (1976), "Determining Legislative Preferences on the Minimum
Wage: An Economic Approach," Journal of Political Economy, 84:317-29.
Silberman, J. and Yochum, G. (1978), "The Roles of Money in Determining Election Outcomes,"
Social Science Quarterly, 58:671-82.
Sorauf, F. J. (1984-5), "Who's in Charge? Accountability in Political Action Committees,"
Political Science Quarterly, 99:591-614.
Sorauf, F. J. (1987), "Campaign Money and the Press: Three Soundings,"
Political Science Quarterly, 102:25-42.
Sorauf, F. J. (1987), "Varieties of Experience: Campaign Finance in the House and Senate,"
in Schlozman, K. ed., Elections in America, Allen and Uwin, 197-218.
Sorauf, F. J. (1988), Money in American Elections, Scott, Foresman and
Company.
Thayer, G. (1973), Who Shakes the Money Tree?, Simon and
Schuster.
Uhlaner, C.J. and Schlozman, K.L. (1986), "Candidate Gender and Congressional Campaign Receipts,"
Journal of Politics, 48:30-50.
Welch, W. (1974), "The Economics of Campaign Funds," Public Choice,
20:83-97.
Welch, W. (1976), "The Effectiveness of Expenditures on State Legislative Races,"
American Politics Quarterly, 4:336-56.
Welch, W. (1960), "The Allocation of Political Monies: Economic Interest Groups,"
Public Choice, 35:97-120.
Welch, W. (1981), "Money and Votes: A Simultaneous Equation Model," Public Choice,
36:209-234.
Welch, W. (1982), "Campaign Contributions and Congressional Voting: Milk Money and Dairy Price
Supports," Western Political Quarterly, 35:478-495.
Wilhite, A. and Theilmann, J. (1987), "Labor PAC Contributions and Labor Legislation: A Simultaneous
Logit Approach," Public Choice, 53:267-76.
Wright. J.R. (1985), "PACs, Contributions, and Roll Calls: An Organizational Perspective,"
American Political Science Review, 79:400-414.

Structure of Belief Systems

Bishop, G.F., A.J.. Tuchfarber, and R.W. Oldenick (1978), "Change in the Structure of American
Political Attitudes: The Nagging Question of Question Wording," American Journal of Political Science, 22:250-269.
Converse, P. (1966), "The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics," in, Apter,
Ideology and Discontents, pp. 206-261, Free Press.
Hamil, R., M. Lodge, and F. Blake (1985), "The Breadth, Depth, and Utility of Political Belief
Systems," American Journal of Political Science, 29:850-70.
Kinder, D. (1982), "Enough Already About Ideology: The Many Bases of American Public Opinion,"
paper delivered at the 1982 American Political Science Association annual meeting.
Nie, N. and Anderson, K. (1974), "Mass Belief Systems Revisited: Political Change and Attitude
Structure," Journal of Politics, 36:540-591.
Nie, N. Verba, S., and Petrocik, J.R. (1976), The Changing American Voter,
Harvard UP.
Smith, E.R.A.N. (1980), "Levels of Conceptualization: False Measures of Ideological
Sophistication," American Political Science Review, 74:685-696.
Sullivan, J.L., Pierson, J. and Marcus, G. (1978), "Ideological Constraint in the Mass Public:
A Methodological Critique and Some New Findings," American Journal of Political Science, 22:233-49.

Candidate Evaluation and Issues

Bartels, L. (1986), "Issue Voting Under Uncertainty: An Empirical Test,"
American Journal of Political Science, 30:709-728.
Brady, H.E. and Sniderman, P. (1985), "Attitude Atribution: A Group Basis for
Political Reasoning," American Political Science Review, 79:1061-78.
Brody R. and Page, B. (1973), "Indifference, Alienation and Rational Decisions: The
Effects of Candidate Evaluations on Turnout and the Vote," Public Choice, 15:1-17.
Campbell . J.E. (1983), "Ambiguity in the Issue Positions of Presidential Candidates:
A causal Analysis," American Journal of Political Science, 27:284-93.
Conover. P. (1981), "Political Cues and Perception of Candidates,"
American Politics Quarterly, 9:427-45.
Conover, P. and Feldman, S. (1982), "Projection and the Perception of Candidates,"
Western Political Quarterly, 35:228-44.
Conover, P. and Feldman, S. (1986), "The Role of Inference in the Perception of Candidates,"
in Lau and Sears, eds., Political Cognition, Lawrence Erlbaum.
Conover, P. and Feldman, S. (1989), "Candidate Perception in an Ambiguous World: Campaigns,
Cues, and Inference Processes," American Journal of Political Science, 33:912-40.
Feldman, S. and Conover, P. (1983), "Candidates, Issues and Voters: The Role of Inference in
Political Perception," Journal of Politics, 45:810-39.
Foti, R., Fraser, S., and Lord, R. (1982), "Effects of Leadership Labels and Prototypes on
Perceptions of Political Leaders," Journal of Applied Psychology, 67:326-33.
Franklin, C. A. (1984), "Issue Preferences, Socialization and the Evolution of Party Identification,"
American Journal of Political Science, 28:459-78.
Grofman, B. (1985), "The Neglected Role of the Status Quo in Models of Issue Voting,"
Journal of Politics, 47:230-37.
Jackson, J.E. (1975), "Issues, Party Choice, and Presidential Voters,"
American Journal of Political Science, 19:161-85.
Kinder, D. (1978), "Political Person Perception: The Asymmetrical Influence of Sentiment
and Choice on Perceptions of Presidential Candidates," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36:859-71.
Kinder. D., Peters, M., Abelson, R,. and Fiske, S. (1980), "Presidential Prototypes,"
Political Behavior, 2:315-37.
Markus, G. (1978), "Candidates, Parties, and Issues: A Feedback Model of the Voting Decision,"
Center for Political Studies.
Markus, G. and Converse, P. (1979), "A Dynamic Simultaneous Equation Model of Electoral Choice,"
American Political Science Review, 73:1055-70.
Margolis, M. (1977), "From Confusion to Confusion: Issues and the American Voter (1956-1972),"
American Political Science Review, 71:31-43.
Miller, A.H., Wattenberg, M., Malanchuk, D. (1986), "Schematic Assessments of Presidential
Candidates," American Political Science Review, 80:521-66.
Page, B. and Brody, R. (1972), "Policy Voting and the Electoral Process: The Vietnam War Issue,"
American Political Science Review, 66:389-400.
Page, B. and Jones, C. (1979), "Reciprocal Effects and Policy Preferences, Policy Loyalties and the
Vote," American Political Science Review, 73:1071-89.
Pomper, G. (1972), "From Confusion to Clarity: Issues and American Voters, 1988-1988,"
American Political Science Review, 66:415-428.
Rabinowitz, B. (1978), "On the Nature of Political Issues," American
Journal of Political Science, 22:793-817.
RePass, D.E. (1971), "Issue Salience and Party Choice," American Political
Science Review, 65:389-400.
Rosenberg, S., Bohar, L., McCafferty, F. and Harris, K. (1988), "The Image and the Vote: The
Effect of Candidate Presentation on Voter Preference," American Journal of Political Science, 30:109-127.
Rosenberg, S. (1988), "The Image and the Vote: Manipulating Preferences,"
Public Opinion Quarterly, 51:31-47.
Shepsle, K. (1972), "The Strategy of Ambiguity: Uncertainty and Electoral Competition,"
American Political Science Review, 66:555-68.
Stokes, D. (1986), "Some Dynamic Elements of Contests for the Presidency,"
American Political Science Review, 60:19-28.
Weisberg, H. and Rusk, J.G. (1970), "Dimensions of Candidate Evaluation,"
American Political Science Review, 64:1167-85.
Whiteley, P.F. (1988), "The Causal Relationships Between Issues, Candidate Evaluations, Party
Identification and Vote Choice--the View from 'Rolling Thunder'," Journal of Politics, 50:961-84.
Wright, J.R., and Niemi, R. (1983), "Perceptions on Candidates' Issue Positions,"
Political Behavior, 5:209-24.

Charges of Corruption and Campaign Success

Garment, (1988), "Sleaze, Scandal, and Successful Elections," Public
Opinion, 11:15-17.
Peters, J.G. and S. Welsh (1960), "The Effects of Charges of Corruption on Voting
Behavior in Congressional Elections," American Political Science Review, 74:697-708.
Rundquist, Strom, and Peters (1977), "Corrupt Politicians and Their Electoral Support,"
American Political Science Review, 71:954-963.

Symbolic Politics

Bobo, L., (1983), "Whites' Opposition to Busing: Symbolic Racism or Realistic Group Conflict?"
Journal of Personality and Social Paychology, 45:1196-1210.
Kinder, D. and Kiewiet, R., (1981), "Sociotropic Politics," British Journal of
Political Science, 11:129-161.
Kinder, D. and Sears. D.O. (1980), "Prejudice ar,d Politics: Symbolic Racism Versus Racial
Threats to the Good Life," Journal of Personality and Social Paychology, 40:414-431.
Kramer, G. (1983), "The Ecological Fallacy Revisited: Aggregate vs. Individual Level
Findings on Economics and Elections and Sociotropic Voting," American Political Science Review, 65:131-43.
Krosnick, J. (1991), "The Stability of Political Preferences: Comparisons of Symbolic
and Nonsymbolic Attitudes," American Journal of Political Science, 35:547-76.
Listhaug, D. and Miller, A. (1984), "Public Support for Tax Evasion: Self-Interest or
Symbolic Politics?," European Journal of Political Research, 13:265-82.
Sears, D. 0., Hensler, C. and Speer, K. (1979), "Whites' Opposition to 'Busing': Self-Interest
or Symbolic Politics?" American Political Science Review, 73:369-84.
Sears, D. O. (1980), "Self-Interest vs. Symbolic Politics in Policy Attitudes and Presidential
Voting," American Political Science Review, 74:670-84.
Weatherford, S. (1983), "Economic Voting and the 'Symbolic Politics' Argument: A Reinterpretation
and Synthesis," American Political Science Review, 77:158--174.

Media and Election Coverage

Ansolabehere, S., Gehr, R., and Iyengar, S. (1991), "Mass Media and Elections: An Overview,"
American Politics Quarterly, 19:109-139.
Castle, D. (1991), "Media Coverage of Presidential Primaries," American
Politics Quarterly, 19:33-42.
Lanoue, D. (1991), "The Turning Point: Viewers' Reactions to the Second 1988 Presidential Debate,"
American Politics Quarterly, 19:80-95.
Ridout, C. (1991), "The Role of Media Coverage of Iowa and New Hampshire in the 1988 Democratic
Nomination," American Politics Quarterly, 19:43-58.
Sigelman, L. and Bullock, D. (1991), "Candidates, Issues, Horseraces, and Hoopla: Presidential
Campaign Coverage 1888-1988," American Politics Quarterly, 19:5-32.
Southwell, P. L. (1991), "Voter Turnout in the 1986 Congressional Elections: The Media as a
Demobilizer?" American Politics Quarterly, 19:96-108.

Polls, Predictions and Effects

Borrelli, S., Lockerbie, B., and Niemi, R. (1987), "Why the Democratic-Republican Partisanship
Gap Varies from Poll to Poll," Public Opinion Quarterly, 51:115-19.
Crespi, I. (1989), Public Opinion, Polls and Democracy,
Westview.
Shelley II, P.C. and Hwang, H.D. (1991), "Mass Media any Public Opinion Polls in the 1988
Presidential Election," American Politics Quarterly, 19:59-79.

Coattails, Swing Ratios and Partisan Bias

Born, R. (1984), "Reassessing the Decline of Presidential Coattails: U.S. House Elections
from 1952-1980," Journal of Politics, 46:60-79.
Burnham, W.D. (1975), "Insulation and Responsiveness in Congressional Elections,"
Political Science Quarterly, 90:411-435.
Calvert and Ferejohn (1983), "Coattail Voting in Recent Presidential Elections,"
American Political Science Review," 77:407-19.
Campbell, J. (1986), "Presidential Coattails and Midterm Losses in State Legislative
Elections," American Political Science Review, 80:45-63.
Campbell, J. (1986) "Predicting Seat Gains from Presidential Coattails,"
American Journal of Political Science, 30:165-83.
Campbell J. and Sumners, J. (1990), "Presidential Coattails in Senate Elections,"
American Political Science Review, 84:513-24.
Edwards, G. (1979), "Impact of Presidential Coattails on Outcomes of Congressional Elections,"
American Politics Quarterly, 7:523-042.
Edwards. G. (1980), Presidential Influence in Congress, W.H.
Freeman.
Ferejohn, J. and R.L. Calvert (1984), "Presidential Coattails in Historical Perspective,"
American Journal of Political Science, 28: 127-46.
Jacobson, G. (1976), "Presidential Coattails in 1972," Public 0pinion Quarterly,
40:194-200.
Kaplowitz, 5. (1971), "Using Aggregate Voting Data to Measure Presidential Coattails Effects,"
Public Opinion Quarterly, 35:415-19.
King and Browing (1987), "Democratic Representatives and Partisan Bias in Congressional Elections,"
American Political Science Review, 81:1251-73.
Kritzer, H, M. and Eubant, R. (1979), "Presidential Coattails Revisited: Partisanship and Incumbency
Effects," American Journal of Political Science, 23: 615-626.
Miller, W. (1955), "Presidential Coattails: A Study in Political Myth and Methodology,"
Public Opinion Quarterly, 20: 353-368.
Niemi, R. and Fett, P. (1986), "The Swing Ratio: An Explanation and an Assessment,"
Legislative Studies Quarterly, 11: 75-90.
Pierson, J. (1975), "Presidential Popularity and Midterm Voting at Different Electoral Levels,"
American Journal of Political Science, 19: 683-694.
Press. C. (1958), "Voting Statistics and Presidential Coattails," American
Political Science Review, 52:1041-1050.
Weber, R.E. (1980), "Gubernatorial Coattails: A Vanishing Phenomenon?"
State Government, 53:153-56.

Strategic Politicians

Abramowitz, A. (1984), "National Issues, Strategic Politicians, and Voting Behavior in 1980-82
Elections," American Journal of Political Science, 28:710-21.
Bond, J., Covington, C. and Fleisher, P. (1985), "Explaining Challenger Quality in Congressional
Elections," Journal of Politics, 47: 510-29.
Born, R. (1986), "Strategic Politicians and Unresponsive Voters,"
American Political Science Review, 80:599-612,
Jacobson, G. and Kernell, S. (1981), Strategy and Choice in Congressional Elections,
Yale UP.
Jacobson, G. (1989), "Strategic Politicians and the Dynamics of U.S. House Elections,
1946-96," American Political Science Review, 83:773-93.
Ragsdale, L. and Cook, T.E. (1987), "Representatives' Actions and Challengers'
Reactions: Limits to Candidate Connections in the House," American Journal of Political Science, 31:45-81.

State and Local Elections

Campbell, J. (1996), "Presidential Coattails and Midterm Losses in State Legislative Elections,"
American Political Science Review, 80:45-63.
Weber. R.E. (1980), "Gubernatorial Coatails: A Vanishing Phenomenon?"
State Government, 53:153-56.

Negative and Retrospective Voting

Conover, P., Feldman, S., and Knight. K. (1986), "Judging Inflation and Unemployment:
The Origins of Retrospective Evaluations," Journal of Politics, 48:565-88.
Fiorina. M.P. (1981), Retrospective Voting in Elections, Yale University
Press.
Kernell, S. (1977), "Presidential Popularity and Negative Voting,"
American Political Science Review, 71: 44-66.
Kiewiet, R. and Rivers, D. (1984), "A Retrospective on Retrospective Voting,
Political Behavior, 6:369-93.
Lau, R. (1985), "Two Explanations of Negativity Effects in Political Behavior,"
American Journal of Political Science, 29:119-38.
Monardi, Fred M. (1994). "Primary Voters as Retrospective Voters." American Politics
Quarterly. v 22., n. 1 (January), pp. 88-103.

Redistricting

Abramowitz, A. (1983), "Partisan Redistricting and the 1982 Congressional Election,"
Journal of Politics, 45:767-770.
Cranor, J., Crawler, S., and Scheel, R. (1989), "The Anatomy of a Gerrymander,"
American Journal of Political Science, 33:222-239.
Lublin, D. and Voss, D. S. (2000), "Racial Redistricting and Realignment in Southern
State Legislatures," American Journal of Political Science, 44:4:792-810.

Ticket Splitting and Independent Voters

DeVries, W. and V.L. Tarrance (1972), The Ticket-Splitter, W.B.
Eerdmans.
Keith, B.E., et al. (1986), "The Partisan Affinities of Independent 'Leaners',"
British Journal of Political Science, 16:158-85.
Rusk, J.G. (1970), "The Effect of the Australian Ballot Reform on Split Ticket Voting:
1876-1908," American Political Science Review, 64: 1220-38.
Grofman, B., Koetzle, W., McDonald, M. P. Brunell, Thomas L. (2000), "A New Look at
Split-Ticket Outcomes for House and President: The Comparative Midpoints Model," Journal of Politics, 62:1:34-50.

Do Elections Matter?

Brady, D.W. (1978), "Critical Elections, Congressional Parties and Clusters of Policy Changes,"
British Journal of Political Science, 8:79-99.
Brady, D.W. and Althoff, P. (1974), "Party Voting in the U.S. House of Representatives: Elements of
a Responsible Party System," Journal of Politics, 36:753-775.
Brady, D.W. and Lynn, N.B., (1973), "Switched Seat Congressional Districts: Their Effect on Party
Voting and Public Policy," American Journal of Political Science, 17:528-543.
Ginsberg, B. (1976), "Elections and Public Policy," American Political
Science Review, 70:41-49.
Ginsberg, B. and A. Stone (1991), Do Elections Matter, 2nd ed., M.E.
Sharpe.

Reform

Polsby, N. (1983), The Consequences of Party Reform, Oxford University
Press.

Economics and Elections

Alesina, A. and Rosenthal, H. (1989), "Partisan Cycles in Congressional Elections and the
Macroeconomy," American Political Science Review, 83:373-98.
Brown, T. and A. Stein (1982), "The Political Economy of National Elections,"
Comparative Politics, 10:479-92.
Conover, P. (1985), "The Impact of Group Economic Interests on Political Evaluations,"
American Politics Quarterly, 13:139-66.
Conover, P., S. Feldman and K. Knight (1987), "Personal and Political Underpinnings of
Economic Forecasts," American Journal of Political Science, 31:559-83.
Erikson, R. (1989), "Economic Conditions and the Presidential Vote,"
American Political Science Review, 83:567-73.
Eulau H. and M.S. Lewis-Beck (eds.), Economic Conditions and Electoral
Outcomes.
Feldman, S. (1982), "Economic Self-Interests and Political Behavior,"
American Journal of Political Science, 26:446-66.
Feldman, S. (1984), "Economic Self-Interest and the Vote: Evidence and Meaning,"
Political Behavior, 6:229-52.
Fiorina, M. (1983), "Who Is Held Responsible? Further Evidence of the Hibbing-Alford Thesis,"
American Journal of Political Science, 27:158-164.
Gough, P. (1984), "Economic Conditions and Congressional Elections,"
American Politics Quarterly, 12:71-88.
Hibbings, J. and Alford, J. (1983), "The Electoral Impact of Economic Conditions: Who
is Held Responsible?" American Journal of Political Science, 27:158-64.
Hibbs, D. (1987), The American Political Economy: Macroeconomics and
Eectoral Politics.
Kenski, H. (1977), "The Impact of Economic Conditions on Presidential Popularity,"
Journal of Politics, 39:764-73.
Kiewiet, R. (1983), Macroecoomics and Micropolitics, University of Chicago
Press.
Kinder, D. (1989), "Economics and Politics," American Journal of Political
Science, 33:491-515.
Kinder, D. and Kiewiet, R. (1979), "Economic Discontent and Political Behavior: The Role
of Personal Grievences and Collective Economic. Judgments in Congressional Voting," American Journal of Political Science, 23: 495-527.
Kinder, D. and Kiewiet, R. (1979), "Sociotropic Politics," British Journal of
Political Science, 11:129-61.
Kinder, D. and W. Mebane Jr. (1983), "Politics and Economics in Everyday Life," in K.R.
Monroe, The Political Process and Economic Change, Agathon Press.
Koch, J. (1991), "Explanations of Group Economic Outcomes: Determinants and Consequences,"
American Politics Quarterly, 19:211-228.
Lacy, Dean and J. Tobin Grant (1999). "The Impact of the Economy on the 1996 Election: The
Invisible Foot." in Weisberg, H.F. and J.M. Box-Steffensmeir, eds. Reelection 1996: How America Voted. New York: Seven Bridges Press.
Lau, R. and D.0. Sears, (1981), "Cognitive Links Between Economic Grievances and Political
Responses," Political Behavior, 3:270-302.
Lewis-Beck, M. (1985), "Pocketbook Voting in U.S. National Election Studies: Fact or Artifact?"
American Journal of Political Science, 30:315-46.
Lewis-Beck, M. (1988), "Economics and the American Voter," Political Behavior,
10: 5-21.
Marcus, G. (1988), "Impact of Personal and National Economic Conditions on the Presidential Vote,"
American Journal of Political Science, 32: 137-54.
Monroe, K.R. (1979), "Econometric Analyses of Electoral Behavior: A Critical Review,"
Political Behavior, 1:137-73.
Owens, J. (1984), "Economic Influences on Elections to the U.S. Congress,"
Legislative Studies Quarterly, 9:123-150.
Sigelman, L. and Yong-mei Tsai (1981), "Personal Finances and Voting Behaviors: A Reanalysis,"
American Politics Quarterly, 9:371-399.
Weatherford, M.S. (1978), "Economic Conditions and Electoral Outcomes: Class Differences in
Political Response to Recession," American Journal of Political Science, 22:917-38.

The South

Hadley, C. (1985), "Dual Partisan Identification in the South," Journal of
Politics, 47:254-68.
Knuckey, J., (2001), "Ideological Realignment and Partisan Change in the American South,
1972-1996," Politics and Policy, 29:2:337-358.

Presidential Popularity

Kenski, H. (1977), "The Impact of Economic Conditions on Presidential Popularity,"
Journal of Politics, 39:764-73.
Kernell, S. (1978), "Explaining Presidential Popularity," American Political
Science Review, 72:506-22.
Mackuen, M. (1983), "Political Drama, Economic Conditions, and the Dynamics of Presidential
Popularity," American Journal of Political Science, 27:165-92.
Norpoth, H. and Yantek, T. (1983), "Macroeconomic Conditions and the Fluctuations of Presidential
Popularity: The Question of Lagged Effects," American Journal of Political Science, 27:785-807.
Ostrom, C. and Simon, D. (1985), "Promise and Performance: a Dynamic Model of Presidential
Popularity," American Political Science Review, 79:334-58.

The Rational Voter

Aldrich, J.H. (l978), "Some Problems in Testing Two Rational Models of Participation,"
American Journal of Political Science, 20:713-33.
Barry, B. and Hardin, R. (1982), Rational Man and Irrational Society,
Sage.
Beck, N. (1975), "The Paradox of Minimax Regret," American Political
Science Review, 69:918.
Buchana, J.M. (1986), "Then and now, 1961-1986: From Delusion to Dystopia," Paper
presented at the Institute for Humane Studies.
Downs, A. (1957), An Economic Theory of Democracy, Harper and
Row.
Downs, A. (1989), "Social Values and Democracy," paper delivered at the Annual
Meeting of the APSA.
Ferejohn, J. and Fiorina, M. (1974), "The Paradox of Not Voting: A Decision-Theoretic Analysis,"
American Political Science Review, 68:525-35.
Ferejohn, J. and Fiorina, M. (1975), "Closeness Counts Only in Horseshoes and Dancing,"
American Political Science Review, 69:920-25.
Fiorina, M. (1986), "Information and Rationality in Elections," Occassional Paper No. 86-4,
Center for American Political Studies, Harvard University.
Goodin, R.E. and K.W.S. Roberts (1975), "The Ethical Voter," American
Political Science Review, 69:926-28.
Graftstein (1991), "An Evidential Decision Theory of Turnout," American
Journal of Political Science, 35:989-1010.
Hirschman, A.O. (1985), "Against Parsimony," Economics and Philosophy,
1:7-21.
Hirschman, A.O. (1986), "The Concept of Interest: From Euphemism to Tautology," in Rival
Views of market Society, Viking.
Mayer, L.S. and Good, I.J. (1975), "Is Minimax Regret Applicable to Voting Decisions?"
American Political Science Review, 69:916-17.
Quattrone, G.A. and Tversky, A. (1984), "Contrasting Rational and Psychological Analyses of
Political Choice," American Political Science Review, 82:719-36.
Riker ,W. H. and Ordeshook, P. (1968), "A Theory of the Calculus of Voting,"
American Political Science Review, 62:25-42.
Schelling, T.C. (1978a), "Altruism, Meanness, and Other Potentially Strategic Behaviors,"
American Economic Review, 68:229-30.
Schelling, T.C. (1978b), Micromotives and Macrobehavior,
Norton.
Schwartz, T. (1987), "Your Vote Counts On Account Of The Way It Is Counted: An Institutional
Solution to the Paradox of Not Voting," Public Opinion, 54:101-21.
Stevens, S.V. (1975), "The Paradox 0f Not Voting: Comment," American
Political Science Review, 69:914-15.
Strom, G.S. (1975), "On the Apparent Paradox of Participation: A New Proposal,"
American Political Science Review, 69:908-13.
Tullock, G. (1975), "The Paradox Of Not Voting For Oneself," American
Political Science Review, 69:919.
Uhlaner, C. (1986), "Political Participation, Rational Actors, and Rationality: A New Approach,"
Political Psychology, 7:551-73.
Young, J., Borgida, E., Sullivan, J. and Aldrich, J. (1987), "Personal Agendas and the
Relationship Between Self-Interest and Voting Behavior," Social Psychology Quarterly, 50:64-71.

Third Parties

Berg, John C. (1999). "Beyond a Third Party: The Other Minor Parties in the 1996
Elections." in Green and Shea, eds., The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties. 3rd ed. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 212-228.
Gillespie, D. (1993). Politics at the Periphery. Chapel Hill: University
of North Carolina Press.
Green, J. and Herrnson, P., eds. (2002). Multiparty Politics in America. NJ: Rowman and
Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Lowi, T. and Romance, J. (1998). A Republic of Parties? NJ; Roman and
Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Rosenstone, S. (1984), Third Parties In America : Citizen Response To
Major Party Failure, Princeton University Press (1996, second edition).
Sifry, M. (2002) Spoiling for a Fight: Third Party Politics in America.
Routledge.

CLASSIC TEXTS ON VOTING AND PARTIES

Berelson, B. R., Lazarsfeld, P.F. & McPhee, W.N. (1954), Voting, University of
Chicago Press.
Binkley, W. (1962), American Political Parties, 4th ed.
Knopf.
Buchannan, J.M. and Tullock, G. (1962), The Calculus of Consent, University of
Michigan Press
Campbell, Converse, Miller, and Stokes (1960), The American Voter, John
Wiley and Sons.
Campbell, Converse, Miller, and Stokes (1966), Elections and the Political
Order, John Wiley and Sons.
Downs, A. (1957), An Economic Theory of Democracy, Harper and
Row.
Key. V.O. (1958), Politics, Parties and Pressure Groups, 4th ed.,
Crowell.
Key. V.O. (1966), The Responsible Electorate, Harvard University
Press.
Schattschneider, E.E. (1942), Party Government, Holt, Rinehart and
Winston.
Schattschneider, E.E. (1960), The Semi-Sovereign People, Holt Rinehart and
Winston.

This page has been accessed by visitors outside of Pitzer College times since September 9, 2002.